Ribonucleases (RNases) are key players of the host immunity and contribute to maintaining tissue homeostasis and body fluid sterility. Secreted upon a diversity of cellular injuries, they mediate signaling processes, and have been classified as alarmins. Recent literature reveals how the immune response system uses common strategies to fight both cancer and infection. RNases participate in immune system adaptation to cellular stress conditions. They can shape the metabolism of cellular RNA, specifically target the non-coding RNA population, or even induce signal transduction in a catalytically independent manner. This Research Topic gathers some of the latest research on two secretory RNase families, RNaseA and RNaseT2, which participate in the host immune response and share similar mechanisms of action
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